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As per the report, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana were the most polluted states on Diwali between 2019 and 2023.
Delhi government banned firecrackers completely back in 2017, however, PM2.5 concentration was 100% higher on the night of Diwali. (PTI File for representation)
With the onset of winter and the beginning of Diwali celebrations, the air quality in Delhi has started to deteriorate. The Air Quality Index of Delhi was recorded as ‘Very Poor’ on October 28 as per the Central Pollution Control Board. Amidst this, air quality solutions company Airvoice has published a report on the effects of Diwali festivities on India’s air quality. The study collates data from 180 COCB stations in 14 states from 2019 to 2023. As per the report, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana were the most polluted states on Diwali based on average PM2.5 levels between 2019 and 2023.
The report revealed that Diwali raises pollution levels significantly but only for up to 24 hours, after which it normalises. This effect is particularly high in the northern states of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. After the monsoon period, these states experience higher air pollution levels which can go up to more than 875 percent of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in some areas.
“Diwali night is particularly challenging for cities already struggling with pollution,” said Col. Ashwini K. Channan, CEO of Airvoice India. “Our study shows that even with regulation, Diwali’s environmental impact remains significant, underlining the need for better compliance and innovative solutions that honour cultural traditions while protecting public health.”
The study also revealed that government-imposed firecracker bans were ineffective in controlling pollution. Delhi government banned firecrackers completely back in 2017, however, PM2.5 concentration was 100% higher on the night of Diwali than on any regular day in 2023.
Airvoice’s study notes that although pollution lasts up to 24 hours, the effects have severe health consequences. Apart from PM2.5, the report also showed that other toxic metals like aluminum, manganese and cadmium were emitted during Diwali. These metals are released into the atmosphere through fireworks and may cause chronic respiratory diseases and lead to other adverse long-term effects on human health, especially for children and the elderly.
However, the study also had a few limitations. Col. Channan said, “To understand and tackle air pollution effectively, we need not only more monitoring stations but also accessible, transparent data that informs public and policy decisions. When people are equipped with clear, actionable information, they, along with businesses and governments, can take more informed steps toward healthier communities.”